All of these guidelines can be useful in proving exactly when a discovery was made, in the case of a patent dispute. Researchers are often encouraged to write only with unerasable pen, to sign and date each page, and to have their notebooks inspected periodically by another scientist who can read and understand it. To ensure that data cannot be easily altered, notebooks with permanently bound pages are often recommended. In laboratories with several staff and a common laboratory notebook, entries in the notebook are signed by those making them. Many adhere to the concept that a lab notebook should be thought of as a diary of activities that are described in sufficient detail to allow another scientist to replicate the steps. For data recorded by other means (e.g., on a computer), the lab notebook will record that the data was obtained and the identification of the data set will be given in the notebook. In many laboratories, it is the original place of record of data (no copying is carried out from other notes) as well as any observations or insights. The lab notebook is usually written as the experiments progress, rather than at a later date. All entries are with a permanent writing tool, e.g., a ballpoint pen (though a permanent marker may be undesirable, as the ink might bleed through multiple pages). The lab notebook is typically permanently bound and pages are numbered. The guidelines for lab notebooks vary widely between institution and between individual labs, but some guidelines are fairly common, for example, like those in the reference.
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